Cultural Anthropology
Gram
Culture 11 Quiz

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1.A method of resolving disputes in which the disputing parties voluntarily arrive at a mutually satisfactory agreement is called 
negotiation
mediation
adjudication.
use of sanctions.
law.

2.In dispute settlement through negotiation with mediation, 
there is no third party involved; the two individuals or groups must settle the problem themselves.
the two parties to the dispute don't speak for themselves; they each hire a third party to represent them.
an unbiased third party listens to both sides and hands down a judgment which both parties must accept.
an unbiased third party listens to both sides and tries to help them reach a compromise, but has no authority to enforce the suggestions.

3.A Ju/'hoansi headman has which of the following rights or duties? 
He chooses the site for a new camp when the group moves and has first choice for where his own fire will be.
He coordinates the hunting activities of the men - assigning each man an appropriate task in this community endeavor.
He arranges the marriages of all the young men and women in the group and, thus, controls most of the alliance formation with other groups.
He gets first choice of any game that is caught.
He settles disputes, and decides on appropriate punishments for wrongdoers.


4.Which of the following differences usually distinguish a chiefdom from a state? 
Only states are likely to engage in warfare.
A state's economic system is based on market exchange, whereas a chiefdom's economy is primarily a redistribution system.
A state is a stratified society, whereas a chiefdom is egalitarian.
A state is a centralized political system, whereas a chiefdom is decentralized.
All of the above are clear distinctions between these two types of political organization.

5.In the case in Talea of the chili merchant vs. the truck driver (as seen in film 'Little Injustices'): 
the truck driver managed to dodge his responsibility for the incident by claiming that he was not under the jurisdiction of the court in Talea.
The chili merchant, a local man, was awarded full damages. The truck driver, seen as a wealthy outsider, had to pay for all the chilis in the damaged basket and was fined an extra 500 pesos.
the truck driver was required to pay only for the chilis that had actually been damaged, and the chili merchant was warned to be more careful where he placed his baskets.
The truck driver, angry at being called to court in this insignificant village, dumped a basket of chilis all over the floor of the courtroom, and incurred a contempt of court charge as well.
the judge decided that the chili merchant was a basket case and dismissed the dispute from the court.

6.If you were a man living in a chiefdom, your status in your community would be determined primarily by 
your hunting ability
your reputation as a warrior
the descent group you belonged to
your generosity
your occupation


7.Which of the following would NOT generally be characteristic of a society Anthropologists would call a band? 
a small population
individual ownership of land and game
decision-making by consensus of adults
a value on sharing
kinship as the basis for membership


8.The basis of a Melanesian Kapauku Big Man's ("tonowi's") wealth is 
yams
shell necklaces
land
pigs
wives


9.The consumer complaint cases seen in 'Little Injustices' suggest that the most effective way to get satisfactory response from the manufacturer of a defective product you had purchased would be: 
to register your complaint firmly, but politely, with the retail outlet which sold you that product.
to register your complaint, in writing, with the president of the company which manufactured the product.
to sue either the retailer or the manufacturer for the replacement value of that product in Small Claims Court.
to get, or threaten to get, media attention on your complaint.
to write to your Congressman, who can put pressure on the manufacturer to respond to your claim.




10.In film on 'Little Injusties,' which of the following problems surfaced in the case of the mobile home rental company's suit for unpaid rent in a Small Claims court in Massachusetts? 
The owner of the mobile home rental company was trying to use the legal process to make a good profit by claiming far more money than he really deserved.
The man who had rented the mobile home was trying to 'rip off' the company, because he objected to the poor workmanship that had gone into the building of the mobile home.
The man who had rented the mobile home didn't really know enough about his own legal rights and how to use them and had not contracted carefully enough with his insurance company.
It turned out that the judge's son-in-law worked for the owner of the mobile home rental company; this influenced the judge to rule in favor of the company and against the renter.
The owner of the company had hired an eloquent lawyer to present his case & thus had an unfair advantage over the renter who only had access to a preoccupied, indifferent court-appointed lawyer.


11.Which of the following factors contribute to the relative success of the court in Talea in dealing with 'little injustices' and civil disputes? 
People in Talea are knowledgeable about the content of law and know how to use it.
People in Talea have ready access to the law. They can take a problem right to court when it occurs and get it dealt with.
People in Talea know & are interdependent with each other most of their lives; thus public opinion can be effective in minimizing misconduct & encouraging people to resolve their differences.
The court in Talea and the police system, which backs it up, are so powerful and dreaded that people are quick to settle disputes on their own in lieu of going before authorities.
all except d above




12.In the case of the truck which overturned onto the roof of a house in Talea, (as seen in 'Little Injustices'): 
the fact that the driver had been drunk and had no license meant that this incident HAD to be reported to the appropriate outside authorities and could not be settled locally.
the owner of the damaged house was a woman who was, therefore, not allowed to come to the court herself, so she sent her son to speak for her.
The truck driver and the owner accepted responsibility for the accident and agreed to repair the damage to the house and pay a fine to the court to be used to repair the road as well.
The judge decided not to report the incident to outside authorities, because he felt the two men had already suffered enough and knew they'd get much harsher treatment in Oaxaca.
both c and d above

13.An anthropological definition of 'law' requires 
that the rules for behavior and the penalties for breaking the rules be written down.
that some person or group be regarded as having a right to use formal negative sanctions.
that there be specialized personnel whose full-time occupation is enforcement of the rules.
that there be some kind of supernatural force involved in detecting and punishing rule breakers.
all of the above are essential characteristics of 'law' as most Anthropologists define it .

16.Which of the following nation-states has gone to war the most frequently in the past half century? 
Russia
South Africa
The United States
Iran
China


14.Which of the following does Laura Nader see as among the problems in how 'Little Injustices' are handled in the United States? 
People involved in disputes are usually strangers, whose only relationship with each other is the transaction over which they are in dispute.
Parties to many disputes, particularly consumer complaints, are of hugely unequal power--a factor which handicaps individual consumers.
The corporations which manufacture consumer products are such large, complex organizations that there is often no one there who accepts responsibility for defects.
Most Americans are 'legally illiterate': They do not know what their rights really are nor how to use the legal system to protect their rights.
All of the above hamper the effectiveness of our legal system in dealing with these small-scale, everyday complaints.

15.In dealing with antisocial behavior, the primary goal of the court system in a centralized society,in imposing its formal negative sanctions, is to 
help the victim.
renew social relations between the victim and the perpetrator of the offense.
to prevent victims from "taking the law into their own hands", trying to settle the situation on their own.
to assign and punish guilt.
to negotiate compromises beteen the parties, so as to minimize the bad feelings and the possibility of personal reprisals.

17.Which of the following would typically be characteristic of a society at the band level of organization? 
A horticultural economy.
A value on accumulating personal property as symbolic of success.
A readiness to engage in warfare with neighboring societies, in order to protect their own territory.
A perception of nature as existing for the benefit of humans to use as they see fit.
None of the above tends to be found in band-level societies.


18.Which of the following is most generally characteristic of tribes? 
Tribes are led by chiefs, who make all the decisions which affect the group, and who settle the most serious disputes.
Tribes are usually small and nomadic groups, seldom more than 50 to 100 people.
Tribes are almost always hunting and gathering societies.
Tribes are made up of descent groups which are hierarchically ranked, giving the eldest males of the highest ranked kin group authority over the rest of the group.
Tribes are made up of several loosely joined bands or other social units, which retain their own economic and political autonomy.


19.If a Ju'/hoansi man of South Africa broke an accepted rule of behavior, what would be the most likely consequences? 
People would ignore the offense in order to prevent friction within the group.
He would be taken before the headman who would reprimand him, and charge a small fine for the offense.
He would become ill, knowing that the spirits of the bush had seen him and were punishing him.
He would be taken before the council of elders, who would decide a punishment appropriate to his particular offense.
He would be gossiped about and laughed at by the people of his group.


22.Getting a traffic ticket would be an example of 
an informal negative sanction.
a formal positive sanction.
a formal negative sanction.
an informal positive sanction.

20.The Wape people of Papua New Guinea entrust a village's only shotgun to one man who then hunts on behalf of the community; if the hunter is unsuccessful, to what do the Wape attribute the failure? 
To the anger of the ancestors that their living descendants would turn away from the traditional bow and arrow hunting in favor of this new weapon of the evil white man.
To a faulty mechanism in the gun and the crooked central government which had sold them a malfunctioning weapon.
To the lack of skill of the hunter using the gun.
To the magical properties of the game animals that enabled them to ward off or dodge the bullets that were fired at them.
To bad feelings and quarrels within the community, and the consequent intervention of ghosts who spoil the hunt to avenge wrongs done to their living relatives.

21.A_______________ is a form of political organization in which a larger group is broken into clans, which in turn are divided into lineages. This keeps the whole unit from fragmenting, but offers no centralized authority. 
kindred
chiefdom
segmentary lineage system
feudalism
state

23.Your text suggests that warfare tends to be strongly associated with which of the following? 
Food-producing economies
State level political organization
An exploitative worldview
An acceptance of the idea that economic benefits to one's own society justify the use of force against other societies
All of the above



24.The type of political unit most likely to resolve conflict with a neighboring social unit by means of warfare is the 
band.
tribe.
chiefdom.
state.
segmentary lineage system.

25.When a disruptive dispute occurs among members of Ju/'hoansi or Inuit bands, it is usually defined as an offense against 
the gods.
the individual.
the community at large.
the moral order.
political hierarchy.


26.In the original study on the Bedouin, the story of the young girl's reaction to an arranged marriage she did not want illustrates which of the following? 
The total helplessness and lack of power or recourse of women in this male- dominated society.
The use of informal sanctions to limit her father's and paternal uncle's abuse of their authority.
The effectiveness of mediation in persuading the girl to accept the marriage.
The use of supernatural sanctions, as the girl put a curse on her unwanted husband, which frightened him into letting her go.
The use of formal sanctions, as her case was brought before the paramount chief, who decreed that the marriage had been unlawful and granted her an annulment.


27.The form of social/political organization typical of hunter-gatherers is the ___________, whereas horticulture and pastoralism are usually associated with the form of social/political organization called the _______ ? 
tribe/chiefdom
band/tribe
band/chiefdom
chiefdom/state
tribe/band


28.The primary means of distributing goods in a chiefdom is 
reciprocity.
redistribution
market exchange
barter
self sufficiency


29.An uncentralized political system is one in which 
the chief delegates authority to the village headmen.
leaders have no authority to make group members do as they say, but are listened to as respected successful men.
there are no leaders; each man decides for himself and his family what to do.
the chief executive de-regulates industry to better allow the economy to run its natural course.
a successful revolution has overthrown a centralized government and given power back to the people.


30.The case involving purchasers of Caloric self-cleaning ovens illustrates which of the following observations about the process of making consumer complaints in the United States? 
Cases involving manufacturing defects tend to be handled one at a time, so that even if one customer does get the problem dealt with, other buyers don't benefit from the first person's gains.
Consumers such as these tend to have unreasonable expectations of high-technology products which they purchase.
It is more effective to take complaints about defective products to the manufacturers than to the sellers, because manufacturers tend to be more willing to take responsibility for the problem.
Defects in products which could cause health or safety hazards are easier to get corrected than effects which simply cause products not to function, but are without risks.
It sometimes does take threats or acts of physical violence (especially in the form of damage to their property) to persuade local retailers to replace or repair defective products.


31.In the film on 'Little Injustices,' the main focus or goal of Laura Nader's study was: 
to see what had become of the Berkeley students who had been involved in demonstrations and clashes with police during the 60s.
to investigate how the legal system in the United States handles problems concerning consumer complaints.
to investigate the legal system's differential treatment of minority ethnic groups in the United States.
to compare the roles played by judges and police in village Mexico with the roles these authorities play in urban United States.
to analyze the relationships and historical continuity between the anti-war protests of the 60s and the anti-nuke protests of the late 70s and early 80s.




32.Which of the following strategies was used by the manufacturers and/or retailers of the defective products, documented in the film 'Little Injustices' to deal with the consumers' complaints? 
The producers and/or sellers of the defective products tried to make the dissatisfied customers feel deviant, wrong or stupid, and alone in registering their complaints.
The manufacturing companies sent their own representatives to persuade the retail salespeople to repair or exchange the defective product.
The manufacturers quickly replaced defective products, paying the buyers an extra bonus to keep quiet about the problem.
The manufacturers, anxious to keep their good name, not only replaced or repaired the defective product of a consumer, but also notified all other owners of the same model of the problem.
The manufacturers, and occasionally the retail merchants, threatened to sue for libel customers who complained about defective goods.


33.Which of the following aspects of the consumer complaint cases, illustrated in the film 'Little Injustices' did Laura Nader seem to find most interesting or significant? 
She was impressed with the willingness of most manufacturers in this country to apologize for and correct any defects, in a constant effort to improve the quality of their products.
She was impressed at the strong sense of justice exhibited by these consumers and their willingness to keep working through the system until the injustices done them would be corrected.
She was concerned to find a strong 'anti-establishment' feeling among these consumers who were using these petty cases as part of a political campaign to disrupt the power structure in the U.S.
She was intrigued with the development of a 'victim' personality type in modern America, and was watching how these consumers had set themselves up to 'be taken.'
She was impressed with the efficiency and humaneness of the Small Claims Courts which enable consumers to get their grievances heard and fairly settled with a minimum of cost in time or money.


34.In Western society, "civil law" pertains to offenses against 
minorities.
the community.
the state.
individuals.
kinship groups.


35.The state is distinctive among political organizations in the extensiveness of its legitimate use of _______ to regulate the affairs of its citizens. 
kinship
force
wealth
religion
chiefs


36.Which of the following does Laura Nader see as among the costs of the way these 'little injustices' are handled in the United States? 
It adds to the feelings of powerlessness and apathy among people here, which in turn contributes to a loss of faith in our government and/or large organizations.
It costs U.S. legislators too much time spent in dealing with a multitude of separate consumer problems.
It adds to the increasing crime rate in our society as people lose respect for the law and seek ways to vent their angers and frustrations.
Businesses lose potentially good ideas on ways they could improve their products by not listening to feedback from consumers.
Nader sees all of the above as among the major costly consequences of the problems documented in this program.


37."Political organization," as used by Anthropologists, refers to 
centralized governments and the associated administrative bureaucracies.
the campaign strategies of candidates running for public office.
the means used by a society to maintain order within the group and to manage its affairs with outside groups.
the structured relationships among the kin groups in a society.


38.Which of the following would be the best example of a 'cultural' or 'internalized' control? 
Being laughed at and made fun of.
Being scolded by a parent.
Getting a low grade on a test.
Feeling guilty.
Having to pay a fine.


39.According to the original study on the Bedouin in chapter 12, the central problem faced by men in authority is 
how to encourage their people to maintain traditional values in the face of modernization and westernization.
how to prevent the state government agencies from interfering in Bedouin internal problems or disputes.
how to exercise their authority in ways that preserve a sense of dignity and the illusion of equality among their followers.
how to provide for the large numbers of dependents, who expect to be fed and housed by the wealthy few.
how to encourage followers to break out of the cycle of dependence, to go out on their own to make an honorable living.


40.A major goal of legal proceedings in many uncentralized political systems is 
to restore harmony and good working relations among the members of the community.
to find who is right and who is wrong, and to punish the wrong-doers.
to please the supernatural forces in the universe by taking care of the community's own problems in a responsible way.
to get rid of the community's 'bad apples' or troublemakers, usually by exile or execution.


41.How does one become a 'Big Man' among the Kapauku horticulturalists of New Guinea? 
By being able to manipulate wealth.
By being the most successful farmer.
By being the eldest male descendant of a previous Big Man.
By being the fiercest warrior, the one who has taken the most enemy heads.
By being chosen by a voice vote of the adult men in the community.


42.In Bedouin society, when a woman feels she has been mistreated by her husband, she can return to her birth home "angry", and her people can scold the husband and require that he "make it up to her". This illustrates the use of ___________ to check abuse of authority in a hierarchical society. 
force
informal sanctions
formal sanctions
mediation
law


43.How is social order typically maintained in bands and tribes? 
through gossip and/or fear of supernatural sanctions.
through the use of counsels of elders granted temporary authority to deal with each situation as it comes up.
through feuding, defending one's own rights with whatever degree of force one feels justified in using.
public beatings
intervention from the nearest state authorities.


44.In the village of Talea in Oaxaca, Mexico, (as seen in 'Little Injustices') Laura Nader found that judges: 
are men of the village with no particular legal training, but who are elected to their positions because they are respected for their experience and knowledge of village people and ways.
are the most highly paid public 'servants' in the community, who compete in extensive political campaigns to get themselves elected to this profitable and powerful position.
are leaders of powerful political factions within the village, who clearly use their positions as legal authorities to benefit the special interest groups that put them into office.
are appointed by governors in Oaxaca to serve four-year terms in outlying communities like Talea, which have no local people with the legal training necessary in a court of law.
work very closely with local priests and other officials of the church to assure that their verdicts will carry the weight of religious, as well as legal, authority.

45.In trial by ordeal such as the Kpelle hot knife ordeal, the participants believe a judgment is reached and an accusation is made through which of the following processes? 
Political intrigue
Intervention of supernatural powers
Random chance or luck
Social scapegoating
Skilled psychological observation of guilty behavior


46.Your text uses the example of the Igbo of Nigeria to illustrate which of the following patterns of distribution of power between men and women? 
A system where women had no rights in the public sphere, and were essentially confined to their own households.
A system where men had total authority over women, who could even be bought and sold as slaves.
A system where women held all the important political power in the village, leaving the men free to conduct raids on their neighbors.
A system where men and women each had separate, independently functioning spheres of political activity in the community.
A system where the hostility between men and women was so great, that they lived in separate villages.


47.In dispute cases that are brought to court in Talea,(as seen in "Little Injustices"), the major responsibility or function of the judge is: 
to ascertain if a legal offense has, in fact, occurred. If so, the case would then be sent on to Oaxaca for trial.
to discover who is to blame in the dispute, and to sentence that person to the appropriate legal punishment.
to limit the testimony of participants in a dispute to the immediately and legally relevant and objectively verifiable facts of the case.
to find solutions to disputes that will represent a balance between the claims of the opposing parties in a way that will minimize future hard feelings and disputes.
to see to it that the jury hears all the relevant evidence of each case, and to then formally validate the verdict reached by the jury.




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